Inequality in Access and Quality of Elementary School Education between Districts and Cities in Central Java
Keywords:
Affirmation, Disparity, Education, Equity, Regional DevelopmentAbstract
This study aims to analyze the forms of inequality in access to and quality of education between regency and city areas in Central Java, identify the contributing factors, and formulate relevant policy recommendations for achieving educational equity. This research employs a library research method by collecting secondary data from journals, government statistical reports, and official news published between 2022 and 2025. The data were analyzed using a descriptive–qualitative approach by mapping patterns of inequality and linking them with theories of educational equity, human capital, and regional disparity. The findings indicate that educational disparities remain significant, as reflected in the high number of damaged schools and the large population of out-of-school children (ATS), which reaches hundreds of thousands. These conditions negatively affect learning quality, reduce student motivation, and weaken equitable human resource development. The study concludes that educational inequality is influenced by regional fiscal capacity, uneven distribution of resources, and the weakening of affirmative planning. The government needs to implement needs-based budgeting, accelerate school rehabilitation, improve teacher redistribution, and strengthen educational digitalization. The limitation of this study lies in its reliance on secondary data sources, making the accuracy of the findings highly dependent on the quality of available publications.
Downloads
References
Aini, A. Z., Safitri, D., & Sujarwo. (2025). Menelisik Kesenjangan Digital Yang Tidak Merata Pada Pendidikan Di Indonesia. Sindoro: Cendikia Pendidikan, 14(1).
Ananda, R., Khairani, M., Putri, N. A. A., Pratiwi, N., & Anggraini, T. (2025). Analisis Kompetensi Dan Ketersediaan Tenaga Kependidikan Sekolah Dasar Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(2).
Ananda, R., Sulistiya, A., Zulhafmi, A., Hamda, N. A., & Abdullah, R. (2025). Masalah Kesenjangan (Gap) Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar Antara Sekolah Diperkotaan Dan Daerah-Daerah 3T. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(2).
Andarwulan, T., Al Fajri, T. A., & Damayanti, G. (2021). Elementary Teachers’ Readiness toward the Online Learning Policy in the New Normal Era during Covid-19. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 771–786. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14345a
Anita, A., & Astuti, S. I. (2022). Digitalisasi Dan Ketimpangan Pendidikan: Studi Kasus Terhadap Guru Sekolah Dasar Di Kecamatan Baraka. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v7i1.2509
Aqil, M. N., & Khasanah, N. (2025). Ketimpangan Ketimpangan Sosial dalam Akses dan Praktik Pendidikan Digital di Indonesia. Journal Transformation of Mandalika, 6(11).
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Jumlah Sekolah, Guru, dan Murid Sekolah Dasar (SD) Menurut Provinsi.
Fadillah, R., Desmaryani, R., & Lestari, A. (2025). Analisis Ketimpangan Sarana Dan Prasarana Pendidikan Di Daerah Pedesaan. Jurnal Adijaya Multidisiplin, 3(2).
Fatricia, A. N., Febrian, S., & Ananda, R. (2025). Kebijakan Dan Permasalahan Akses Pendidikan Dasar. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(2).
Gusriani, A., Ash-Shiddiqy, A. R., Dahniar, D., Hastuti, D. D., Agustina, E., Ester, E., & Nur, F. (2025). Studi Komparatif: Menilik Perbedaan dan Persamaan Pendidikan di Indonesia dan Jepang. ALACRITY : Journal of Education, 855–867. https://doi.org/10.52121/alacrity.v5i2.771
Hoskins, B., & Janmaat, J. G. (2019). Education, Democracy and Inequality. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48976-0
Innayatun Nur, & Wibowo Ari. (2024). The Impact Of Unequal Distribution Of Teachers On The Quality Of Education In Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 9(3).
Jang, H., & Reardon, S. F. (2019). States as Sites of Educational (In)Equality: State Contexts and the Socioeconomic Achievement Gradient. AERA Open, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419872459
Kartika, D. I., Asril, M., Maharani, R., Avenia Nini Lamak, Y., Novelus Awacke Jocku, A., & Seran, R. (2025). Analisis Ketersediaan dan Distribusi Guru di Sekolah Negeri Kabupaten Karanganyar, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Smart Dedication: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.70427/smartdedication.v2i1.132
Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Republik Indonesia. (2024). Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, Dasar, dan Menengah: Sarana dan Prasarana.
Khairatunnisa, Suriansyah, A., & Purwanti, R. (2025). Analisis Kebijakan Digitalisasi Pendidikan Di Indonesia: Kajian Literatur. Jurnal Pendidikan Multidisipliner, 8(6).
Loeb, S., & Dynarski, S. (2017). Descriptive Analysis in Education: A Guide for Researchers.
Muchtar, C. O., Purba, A. A., Sitorus, J. S., Siagian, M. F., Harahap, N. M., Ginting, R. A., Bangun, M. B., & Muchtar, Z. (2025). Systematic Literature Review: Examining Indonesia’s Educational Inequality Factors and Government Equity Policies. International Journal of Educational Practice and Policy, 3(1), 8–16.
Munauwarah, R., & Achadi, Muh. W. (2023). Identifikasi Kebijakan Digitalisasi dan Ketimpangan Pendidikan (Studi Kasus Guru Sekolah Dasar Kecamatan Raba Kota Bima). ALSYS, 3(4), 312–325. https://doi.org/10.58578/alsys.v3i4.1196
Nelliraharti, & Jarmita, N. (2025). Pengelolaan Sarana Dan Prasarana Pendidikan Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pembelajaran. Journal of Education Science, 11(1).
Obilor, E. I., & Miwari, G. U. (2025). Establishing the Reliability of Data Collection Instruments. International Journal of Research, 12(1).
Rahma, S. F., & Kartiasih, F. (2024). Pengaruh Infrastruktur Transportasi serta Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK) terhadap Ketimpangan Pendidikan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 13(2), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.52813/jei.v13i2.453
Sari, T. N., & Jasiah, J. (2025). Membangun Pendidikan Berkeadilan: Mengatasi Masalah Pemerataan Pendidikan Antara Daerah dan Perkotaan. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 6(4), 1723–1731. https://doi.org/10.59141/japendi.v6i4.7661
Ulfian, E., & Jakaria. (2025). Studi Literatur: Peran Sarana Dan Prasarana Dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pembelajaran Di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(2).
van de Werfhorst, H. G., Kessenich, E., & Geven, S. (2022). The digital divide in online education: Inequality in digital readiness of students and schools. Computers and Education Open, 3, 100100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100100
Widiasanti, I., Rahmadani, S., Nur, D. A.-Z., Nafi’atussalwa Nafi’atussalwa, Lestari, N. P., & Syaidah, S. (2025). Kesetaraan Akses Internet dan Tantangan Literasi Digital di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 9(2).
